Cross-posting here a rather elaborate comment I made at The Spearhead earlier today.
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1. There isn’t really any precedent for having consensus moral rules (beyond a few least common denominators) without these rules being based on some consensus transcendent reality – a higher purpose, at the very least. This is missing in our current society because almost all of the contemporary philosophy rejects transcendent reality as a concept, and instead has embraced relativism in one form or another. In a very real way, relativism is the inevitable philosophical outcome of a society which places individual autonomic freedom as its core value – as ours does. The “price” of having that as the core social value is that there are no other consensus values beyond a few common denominators, and even there, there is no consensus (murder would seem to be a consensus moral rule at first blush, but the abortion debate demonstrates how easily even the most baseline consensus moral rule can crumble in the face of the absolute value of personal autonomic freedom).
2. It’s for this kind of reason that the idea that there can be wide-consensus moral rules outside a wide consensus about the content of faith is, while understandable, rather far-fetched and misplaced. A division, therefore, between “theoretical truth” and “practical truth” is not workable, in practice, and is incoherent even in theory when viewed from the perspective of someone standing inside any of the main faith traditions. The reason for that is, again, the reality that relativism acts as an acid that dissolves consensus moral rules – and there is nothing more relativistic than the notion that “all faith traditions are basically the same”. In fact, this is a fantastically contemporary notion which has no basis in history, and is incoherent in its perception of reality.
3. The trouble with the West at the moment is that it has literally lost its faith. It has been tried (and some are still trying) to cobble together a secularized, non-transcendent “practical faith”, but of course this doesn’t work, because there truly is no reason for consensus to emerge. A society simply cannot extol individual autonomic freedom as its core value while at the same time having consensus moral rules – for consensus moral rules will always act to suppress individual autonomic freedom to some degree. So our thinkers have lost their faith in Western religion (mainly Christianity), but try though they might, they have been unsuccessful in “replicating” what they consider to be the “good parts” of Christianity, in order to forge some kind of a socio-moral consensus – but this will never work without a religion as the glue. And religion is outright rejected by our contemporary thinkers, for the most part. That is the crux of the issue.
4. It’s always humorous when someone tries to portray Jesus Christ as some kind of democratic national committee chairman or something like that. The notion that is often lost is that Christ did not advocate “social justice” – rather he advocated “personal justice”. His admonitions to feed the poor and tend to the sick and so on were directed at individual persons, and not at the state apparatus. In fact, when pressed by his followers about the political issue (and the pressing need to rebel against the Romans who were “oppressing” the Jews of the age), he famously responded that they should pay their taxes, rejecting the notion that the faith he was preaching was a socio-political movement, or one which was directed at uprooting the oppression of the state. It was nothing of the sort.
5. As far as “sola scriptura” goes, that idea is part of the core problem we face today. But of course the issue goes back much further than that. To me, the beginning of the problem was the alienation of the Eastern and Western empires, which eventually led to a separation of the Eastern and Western churches. That separation created problems for both Eastern and Western Christians. For the East, it meant being cut off from the rising West, a gradual shrinking in power, and eventual conquest by Arabs and Turks, and later, communists. Cut off from the Western church, the Eastern church suffered as a result of its weakness and isolation. For the West, it meant being cut off from much of the tradition of the early church fathers, merely for the reason that Greek became largely unknown in the West, and few Greek texts made their way there. This paved the way for the development of scholastic theology in the West (based as it was, on the translation into Latin of Aristotle by Arab scholars in Spain). Scholasticism developed the way that it did in many ways, I think, because of the “newness” of the encounter of the Christian West with Greek philosophy. The Greek fathers of the first millenium were of course quite familiar with Aristotle and the rest of the Greek canon, and had never pursued a scholastic approach based on them, but, as I note, the heritage of the Greek fathers was not available in the West at this time, and so the scholastic movement created its own momentum, reinterpreting anew the proper relationship between philosophy and faith in a way that the early church would not have recognized. There were a few contacts in this period between the rising Scholasticism in the West and the continuing tradition in the East, and they were not particularly cordial. But, in any case Scholasticism led directly to the Protestant Reformation, because in many ways the reformers were reacting against the Aristotelian-esque soteriology that had developed in the wake of scholasticism in the church. The battle cry of “sola scriptura” was quite understandable seen in this context, because it was a rallying of theology away from the winding paths of scholastic theology and back towards the core elements of the Christian faith. However, sola scriptura led to its own problems as time moved forward, as Protestant and Reformed Christianity splintered again and again and again over different interpretations of the Bible – a process that continues today. For while in theory it is attractive to hold that the text of the Bible is a baseline criterion of shared truth, in reality a text like the Bible is subject to many different interpretations, and so while the text is authoritative for all Protestant Christians, the text itself does not serve to unite them, but rather serves to divide them, because there is nothing other than the text itself (which, again, can be interpreted differently) which can resolve a conflict of interpretations. As a practical matter, we know what this has resulted in: a splintering of Protestant/Reformed Christianity into a sea of “denominations” and, now, “non-denominational churches”. But, more importantly for the purposes of what I am discussing here, this way of thinking about absolute truth led inexorably and directly to the relativism we see around us today.
Why is that? There are a few reasons. The main one is that once one claims that the text of the Bible is the sole criterion for truth, yet one observes that this “truth” is disagreed about in seemingly endless ways even among those Christians who also hold that the text is the sole criterion – you end up with a crisis of “faith”, because what constitutes the substantive content of the truth appears to be “relative” → that is, some people think it means “A” and others think it means “B”. Yet both the A partisans and the B partisans are, according to themselves, using the same sole criterion of truth. This leads an observer to conclude that this sole criterion can in fact be “interpreted” in different ways – leading to the conclusion that the truth given by such criterion is, in fact, relative, and dependent on interpretation, even though, of course, neither Partisan A nor Partisan B would agree, each seeing their own interpretation as more or less exclusively true. In other words, to an outside observer, it begins to appear that the absolute truth claim based on sola scriptura is, in fact, a relative truth claim, because others use the same criterion to reach a different “truth”.
The second, and related, reason is that because sola scriptura relies on textual interpretation, with no higher authority to interpret authoritatively, the resulting approach to thinking about absolutes tends to become increasingly anarchic, precisely because authority beyond textual interpretation has been eradicated. In other words, while it is true that Christians from the beginning disagreed about the meaning of the scriptural texts, they did devise means of “breaking” these disagreements – of authoritatively picking an interpretation as definitive and, importantly, binding. The reformers understandably rebelled against this as an idea, because they perceived the church authority of their time and place as having made incorrect decisions about such interpretation. However, following the wake of reformation, the lack of such a “breaking” authority – indeed, the lack of any authority above the interpretation of the scriptural texts, something which can, in fact, be a very individual thing and which characteristically has been so in post-reformation Protestant/Reformed Christianity – led to the splintering mentioned above, rather than the coalescing of Protestant/Reformed Christianity into one main tradition. The broader impact of this was even more pernicious, and would eventually undo Christianity in general in the West: namely, the conclusion that the “truth interpreting” authoritativeness of the individual was primatial, and not in need of any higher “human” authority in order for the truth to be authoritatively grasped. While the reformed churches eventually did institute discipline inside the churches, the dangerous idea itself was already out of the bottle. The broader significance of the depth and breadth of this rejection of authority beyond the individual led, quite apart from the churches and in terms of philosophy, directly to the enlightenment, and the philosophical and political worldviews of our contemporary culture. After all, if there is no authority needed beyond the human ability to interpret reality – based as it must be on human reason – there can also be no “checks” on that ability, either. In other words, once authority beyond the individual was trashed as being a necessary criterion for determining truth, it was only a matter of time until the Bible itself was rejected as a criterion once it, itself, started to act as a kind of constraint on the power of the individual mind to authoritatively define reality and truth. These ideas led directly to the rise of the primacy of the individual and the ideas of the enlightenment, which bit by bit crept away from religion in favor of unlimited, untrammeled human reason free from any external authority whatsoever. And hence, indeed, the importance placed by our culture on untrammeled individual autonomic freedom as the core political and moral value of our age.
The core problem we face today is, again, the fact that this entire enterprise of exercising human reason without the constraints of a truly “breaking” external authority (rather than a text which can be variously interpreted) has led to a society where the ability to have shared moral rules is drastically impeded. In short, it has led to a culture which is inherently relativist. It’s true that people like Wright and Armstrong and others recognize this as a problem for the society as a whole, but it’s also true that you can’t concoct a religion, and a moral system based on that, out of a relativist stew, and particularly not when so many of our thinkers over the past 200 years have so assiduously and relentlessly attacked the very concept of religion and absolute truth – whether moral or otherwise. Relativism, as the contemporary practical belief system of the West, does not admit of many moral absolutes, and at the same time is not a system without rather deep roots in our ways of thinking at this point in time. We can see the strength of that system of thought reflected in many of the comments on this thread, it seems to me.
Note that my intention here is not to “knock” Protestant/Reformed Christianity any more than it is to “knock” the Catholics and the Orthodox for bungling their ecclesial relations 1000 years ago (the event which started the train running down the wrong track, in my opinion), but rather to point out what I see as causes and continuities in terms of how our own Western history in this area has played itself out.





